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Conversations about cryptography are common place in the cyber-security world. One can find security professionals discussing everything from PKI to issues with RSA. But while we are discussing issues with algorithms, implementation of cryptographic protocols, authentication algorithms, and other such topics, we often lose sight of a fundamental part of the entire process – key generation.

• C# Random Number Generator Crypto
• Random Key Generator Music

Sep 13, 2013  von Neumann used a simple pseudo-random number generator called the middle square that works as follows. You start with some number (called a seed) and square it. You take the four middle digits as your random number and square them to get the next random number, and so on.

Whether your preferred symmetric cypher is the U.S. Government endorsed AES, the open source BlowFish from Bruce Schneier, or the Russian GOST cipher, they all have one thing in common: they need a key. Certainly, security professionals are aware that these algorithms utilize an encryption key, but there is often too little discussion of how that key gets generated.

Oct 02, 2015 SSH Config and crypto key generate RSA command. Use this command to generate RSA key pairs for your Cisco device (such as a router). Keys are generated in pairs–one public RSA key and one private RSA key. If your router already has RSA keys when you issue this command, you will be warned and prompted to replace the existing keys with new keys. Random Key Generator for Passwords, Encryption Keys, WPA Keys, WEP Keys, CodeIgniter Keys, Laravel Keys, and much more. Don't got what you're looking for! Send us a mail or contribute on Github. KeyGen.io - Random Key Generators. Decent Password. Strong Password. Very Strong Password. CodeIgniter Encryption Key. The Crypto.getRandomValues method lets you get cryptographically strong random values. The array given as the parameter is filled with random numbers (random in its cryptographic meaning). Computer cryptography uses integers for keys. In some cases keys are randomly generated using a random number generator (RNG) or pseudorandom number generator (PRNG). A PRNG is a computer algorithm that produces data that appears random under analysis. Random numbers are a primitive for cryptographic operations. They are used frequently, from generating asymmetric and symmetric keys, to initialization vectors, salts and nonces. The library abstracts them with the RandomNumberGenerator base class and its derivatives. Some of the generators are cryptographically secure, while others are not. RandomKeygen is a free mobile-friendly tool that offers randomly generated keys and passwords you can use to secure any application, service or device. KEY RandomKeygen - The Secure Password & Keygen Generator.

Ideally, the output of any encryption algorithm, will appear very nearly to be random.This also requires that the key utilized in that algorithm also be nearly random. This brings us to pseudo random number generators.They are called ‘pseudo’ because the output is not truly completely random.

Pseudo-random number generators (PRNGs) are algorithms that can create long runs of numbers with good random properties but eventually the sequence repeats. Thus, the term ‘pseudo’ random number generators.

The algorithms essentially generate numbers that, while not being truly random, are random enough for cryptographic applications. In addition to being used for generating symmetric cipher keys, PRNG’s are also used to generate Initialization Vectors for use with stream ciphers.

So the question becomes, is the PRNG you are using to generate your keys and your initialization vectors, random enough? There are some well-established PRNG algorithms such as Yarrow; Blum, Shub; and some of the Lagged Fibonacci Generators.But it is not sufficient to memorize a few algorithms that are currently considered good choices.A security professional should know what makes a good PRNG.There are four properties any good PRNG should have:

• Uncorrelated Sequences – No sequence of any given link should be correlated to any other sequence of the algorithms output. One cannot take a given stretch of numbers (say 16 bits) and use that to predict subsequent bits.
• Long Period – Ideally the series of digits (usually bits) should never have any repeating pattern.However, the reality is that there will eventually be some repetition. The distance (in digits or bits) between repetition’s is the algorithm output period. The longer the period the better the more effective the PRNG (James, 1990; Ripley, 1990).
• Uniformity– In cryptographic applications, the output of a PRNG will most likely be represented in binary format. There should be an equal number of 1’s and 0’s (Ripley, 1990), though not distributed in any discernable pattern.The sequence of random numbers should be uniform, and unbiased. If you have significantly more (or significantly less) 1’s than 0’s then the output is biased (Soto, 2012).
• Computational Indistinguishability– Any subsection of numbers taken from the output of a given PRNG should not be distinguishable from any other subset of numbers in polynomial time by any efficient procedure. The two sequences are indistinguishable. That does not, however mean they are identical. It means there is no efficient way to determine specific differences.

The German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) has established four criteria for quality of random number generators:128 bit aes key generator.

• K1A sequence of random numbers with a low probability of containing identical consecutive elements.
• K2A sequence of numbers which is indistinguishable from 'true random' numbers according to specified statistical tests.
• K3It should be impossible for any attacker to calculate, or otherwise guess, from any given sub-sequence, any previous or future values in the sequence.
• K4It should be impossible for an attacker to calculate, or guess from an inner state of the generator, any previous numbers in the sequence or any previous inner generator states.

To be suitable for cryptography any PRNG should meet K3 and K4 standards.That means that any given sequence from the output of a PRNG cannot be used to predict any future, or even any previous outputs from that PRNG. Furthermore, that even if one has access to the internal state of a PRNG, for example by examining the code at a particular stop point in the execution, that the data of the current state of the PRNG also cannot be used to product any previous or subsequent numbers in the sequence.

The United States NIST has a document describing in detail how a PRNG should be tested to ensure that it is suitable for cryptographic purposes.This 131 page document is fortunately, not a difficult read. It outlines very specific tests that can be conducted on the output of any PRNG to see if that output is ‘random enough’ for cryptographic purposes.

The good news is not that you need to become a mathematician capable of creating your own PRNG algorithm.However, when selecting cryptographic software, modules, and hardware, you need to be able to ask intelligent questions of the vendor, so that you can determine if they are using a good PRNG.A poorly chosen PRNG will weaken the security of the rest of your cryptographic solutions.

References and Further Reading

• Selected articles on Key Management (2012-16), by Ashiq JA, Chuck Easttom, Dawn M. Turner, Guillaume Forget, James H. Reinholm, Matt Landrock, Peter Landrock,Steve Marshall, Torben Pedersen and more
• Lagged Fibonacci Random Number Generators for Distributed Memory (1997), by S. Aluru. In Journal of Parallel And Distributed Computing 45, 1–12, New York City, NY, McGraw-Hill Publishing

• Modern Cryptography: Applied Mathematics for Encryption and Information Security (2015), by Chuck Easttom

• Yarrow-160: Notes on the design and analysis of the yarrow cryptographic pseudorandom number generator (1999, August), by j. Kelsey, B. Schneier, & n. Ferguson. In International Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography (pp. 13-33). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

• A review of pseudorandom number generators(1990), by F. James. In Computer Physics Communications, 60(3), 329-344.

• A Statistical Test Suite for Random And Pseudorandom Number Generators For Cryptographic Applications(2001) by National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST (2001)

• Random number generators: good ones are hard to find (1988) by S.K. Park, & K.W. Miller. In Communications of the ACM, 31(10), 1192-1201

• Thoughts on pseudorandom number generators (1990), by B.D. Ripley. In .Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 31(1), 153-163.

• A Simple Unpredictable Pseudo-Random Number Generator (1986), by L. Blum, M. Blum, M. Shub. In Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 15(2).

• Concrete Security of the Blum-Blum-Shub Pseudorandom Generator(2005), A. Sidorenko, B. Schoenmakers . Cryptography and Coding, 3796

• A selection of books by Chuck Easttom

Photo Binary Code courtesy of Christiaan Colen (CC BY-SA 2.0)

• October 2, 2015
• Posted by: Syed Shujaat
• Category: Cisco, Networking Solutions

Use this command to generate RSA key pairs for your Cisco device (such as a router). keys are generated in pairs–one public RSA key and one private RSA key.

If your router already has RSA keys when you issue this command, you will be warned and prompted to replace the existing keys with new keys.

NOTE: Before issuing this command, ensure that your router has a hostname and IP domain name configured (with the hostname and ipdomain-name commands).

You will be unable to complete the cryptokeygeneratersacommand without a hostname and IP domain name. (This situation is not true when you generate only a named key pair.)

Here are the steps to Enable SSH and Crypto Key setup : 2 config must requried for SSH

1 Setup Local VTY line User ID and password

router (Config) # Line VTY 0 15

router (Config-line)# login local

router (Config-line)# Exit

!!! create local login ID/Pass

router (Config)# username [loginid] password [cisco]

router (Config)# username loginid1 password cisco1 Garena shells generator security key.

2. router (Config)# ip domain-name example.com

router (Config)# crypto key generate rsa

how many bits in the modulus [512] :1024

router (Config)# ip ssh version2

router (Config)# CTRL Z

This command is not saved in the router configuration; however, the RSA keys generated by this command are saved in the private configuration in NVRAM (which is never displayed to the user or backed up to another device) the next time the configuration is written to NVRAM.

Modulus Length

When you generate RSA keys, you will be prompted to enter a modulus length. The longer the modulus, the stronger the security. However, a longer modules take longer to generate (see the table below for sample times) and takes longer to use.

The size of Key Modulus range from 360 to 2048. Choosing modulus greater than 512 will take longer time.

C# Random Number Generator Crypto

Cisco IOS software does not support a modulus greater than 4096 bits. A length of less than 512 bits is normally not recommended. In certain situations, the shorter modulus may not function properly with IKE, so we recommend using a minimum modulus of 2048 bits.

Syntax Description : Optional Strings to embed with SSH Crypto key

Random Key Generator Music